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applications include: n continuous data t ransfer n home/industrial automation n w ireless networking n remote control n remote access n remote monitoring/telemetry n fire/security alarms n long-range rfid n high-quality wireless audio n analog signal t ransfer n general wire elimination page 1 hp series-ii transmitter module design guide features: n 8 binary selectable transmission frequencies n fm/fsk modulation for noise immunity n c o s t - e ff e c t i v e n precision synthesized frequency reference n direct analog/serial interface n high data rate (50kbps max.) n can be used to transmit analog (including audio) or digital data n wide supply range (2.7-16v dc) n power-down & cts functions n no production tuning n no external rf components required (except a n t e n n a ) n fcc compliant output power (0dbm typical) description: the hp series-ii transmitter module is designed for the c o s t - e f fe c t i v e, high-perf o r mance wireless tr a n s f er of analog or digital data, in the popular 902-928mhz band. the transmitter offers eight selectable channels and, when paired with an hp series-ii receiver, is capable of transmitting analog and digital information for distances of up to 1000 ft. (under optimal conditions). t o assure robust performance, the transmitter employs f m / f s k modulation and an advanced microprocessor-controlled s y n t h e s i z ed architecture. l i k e all linx modules, the hp s e r ies-ii requires no tuning and in most cases no e x t e rn a l rf components ( e xcept an antenna), making integr a t i o n s t ra i g h t fo r w ard even for engineers lacking previous rf e x p e ri e n c e . f igure 1: physical dimensions h igh p erformance rf module TXM-900-HP-II p ar t # description m d e v -900-hp-ii e v aluation kit 900 mhz TXM-900-HP-II transmitter 900 mhz rxm-900-hp-ii r e c e i v er 900 mhz o r d e r i n g i n f o r m at i o n revised 2/1/00
f igure 3: maximum r a tings ta b le f igure 2: p erformance data ta b le performance da t a TXM-900-HP-II page 2 a b o u t t h e s e m e a s u r e m e n t s the performance parameters listed below are based on module operation at 25? from a 5vdc supply unless otherwise noted. absolute maximum ratings: supply voltage vcc, using pin 7 -0.3 to +18 vdc operating temperature 0? to +70? storage temperature -45? to +85? soldering temperature +260? for 10 sec. any input or output pin -0.3 to vcc *note* exceeding any of the limits of this section may lead to permanent dama g e of the device . furthermore , e xtended operation at these maximum ratings may reduce the life of this device . p arameter designation min. t ypical max. units notes input v oltage (vcc) v cc 2.7 16.0 vdc supply current i cc 15 17 ma sleep current i cs 50 ? operating frequency f c 902 928 mhz overall frequency accuracy -50 +50 khz output p ow er -3 0 +4 dbm spurious emissions -50 dbc 1 harmonic emissions -50 dbc occupied bandwidth 32 khz p on to cts high time t pon 8 12 msec minimum off t minoff 1 msec channel change time time 1.2 msec fde v 50 75 95 khz p-p
page 3 f igure 8: modulation linearity for tr iangle wav e input f igure 9: output p ow er vs. suppl y v olta ge f igure 4: pow er-on t iming typical performance graphs f igure 6: modulation linearity for squar e wav e input f igure 7: modulation linearity for sine wav e input f igure 5: channel chang e t iming physical p ackaging the transmitter is packaged as a hybrid through- hole sip-style module with 10 pins spaced at .1" i n t e r vals with a .3" gap between pins 2 & 3. baseband components occupy the rear of the board while high-frequency components are grouped on the front. production considerations the sip module may be installed using hand- or w av e-solder techniques . the module should not be subjected to reflo w. if the module is subject to production w ash cycles, adequate drying time should be allo w ed prior to po w er-up . if the wash cycle introduces contaminants, the modules perf o r mance may be adversely affected. f igure 10: physical packa ge 1.00 v/div 1.00 v/div +/-1.0 v 10.0 ms/div 0.0 s 120 mv 2.00 v/div 1.00 v/div +/-1.0 v 500 ?/div 0.0 s 1.67 v
page 4 pin description f igure 11: pin functions and equi v alent circuits
page 5 theory of operation the hp-ii-txm is a high-performance, eight-channel, fm transmitter capable of transmitting analog or digital data. digital information is modulated at the transmitter using fsk (frequency shift keying), the binary f o r m of frequency modulation. fsk offers significant advantages o v er am-based modulation methods, i.e., increased noise immunity and the ability of the receiver to ?apture in the presence of multiple signals . these advantages will be particularly appreciated in crowded bands like those in which the hp-ii operates . while fsk modulation is not the most bandwidth- efficient manner of modulating digital data, it is an excellent choice for reliable , low-cost, low-po w er rf products such as the hp series-ii. t o transmit analog information the module re v erts to fm modulation. in this mode simple to complex w av eforms can be introduced at the transmitter? data pin and reco v ered with minimal distortion at the receiver? analog output pin. the user-supplied antenna is connected at pin 2 (see figure 1).the hp series- ii transmitters are designed to operate with a 50-ohm load. an accurate 12.00mhz vcxo (voltage-controlled crystal oscillator) ser v es as the frequency reference for the transmitter . the modulation input pin is connected to the vcxo through a two-pole low-pass filter . the low-pass filter is used to shape the incoming data and limit the transmission bandwidth to 25khz. the reference frequency is directly modulated.this method affords two benefits . first, it eliminates the need for a frequency con v ersion in the transmitter , reducing siz e , cost, and current consumption. second, it allows the modulation to occur within the loop bandwidth of the frequency synthesizer allowing a wide modulation bandwidth of 50hz to 25khz. the modulated 12.00mhz reference frequency is applied to the phase-loc k ed loop (pll). the pll, combined with a 902-928mhz vco, forms a stable frequency synthesizer that can be prog r ammed to oscillate at a number of preset frequencies . f igure 12: hp series-ii transmitter block dia gr am
page 6 an on-board micro-controller reads the channel-selection lines and prog r ams the pll to the desired channel frequency . the micro-controller also monitors the status of the pll and indicates when the transmitter is stable and ready to transmit data by asserting the cts line high. a buffer amplifier is used to isolate the vco from the antenna and to increase the output po w er of the transmitter . the output of the buffer amplifier is connected to a lpf which is used to suppress harmonic emissions. all har m o n i c specifications are based on a 50-ohm load. board layout considerations if you are at all familiar with rf devices you may be concerned about specialized la y out requirements . f ortunately, because of the care taken by linx in the la y out of the module? pcb, integ r ating an hp series-ii transmitter into your design is v ery straightforward.by adhering carefully to a f e w basic design and la y out rules , y ou can enjoy a trouble-free path to rf success . a ground-plane (as large as possible) should be placed directly under the hp-ii transmitter . this ground-plane can also be critical to the performance of your antenna. the hp-ii transmitter should, as much as reasonably possible, be isolated from all other components on your p c b . s p e c i f i c a l l y , high-frequency c i r c u i t r y such as crystal oscillators should be kept as far a wa y as possible from the transmitter module . if the transmitter must be mounted horizontally, it should be laid o v er so that the side with the crystal is closest to the user? pc board and the rf side is facing a wa y from the pc board. the trace from the receiver to the antenna should be kept as short as possible . a simple trace is suitable for runs up to 1/8 inch for monopole antennas with wide bandwidth characteristics . f or longer runs or to a v oid detuning a narro w bandwidth antenna such as a helical, use a 50-ohm coax or 50-ohm microstrip transmission line as shown in figure 14. obser v ant designers will notice that the output po w er of the hp series-ii is set 5-6db abo v e part 15 limits (assuming the use of a unity antenna).this is done purposefully to allow designers with less efficient antennas to achie v e the maximum output po w er allo w ed by la w. in cases where an efficient antenna style such as a whip is utilized, it is often necessary to make provisions for e x t e r nal atten u a t i o n . this is easily accomplished by providing pads for a three-resistor attenuation network as shown in fig. 13a. the inline pads ma y be bridged if the network is not needed. the resistors should be a surf a c e - f igure 13: hp series-ii transmitter footprint f igure 13a: attenuation pad la y out
page 7 microstrip details a transmission line is a medium whereby rf energy is transferred from one place to another with minimal loss . this is a critical factor, particularly in high- frequency products like the hp-ii because the trace leading to the module s antenna can effectively contribute to the length of the antenna, changing its resonant bandwidth. in order to minimize loss and detuning, some form of transmission line between the antenna and the module is needed, unless the antenna connection can be made in close proximity:<1/8 in. to the module . one common form of transmission line is coax cable, another is the microstrip . the term refers to a pcb trace running o v er a ground-plane which is designed to ser v e as a transmission line between the module and the antenna.the width is based on the desired characteristic impedance, the thickness of the pcb, and its dielectric constant. the correct trace width can be easily calculated using the information belo w. effective dielectric w idth/height dielectric characteristic constant (w/d) constant impedance 4.8 1.8 3.59 50.0 4 2 3.07 51.0 2.55 3 2.12 48.0 f igure 14: microstrip for m ulas (er = dielectric constant of pc board material) mount type . they should be grouped closely and the o v erall trace to the antenna k ept as short as possible . calculate the feed-trace width as shown under the ?icrostrip details section of this manual and the trace should pass o v er a suitable ground-plane . further details regarding t -pad values can be found in application note #00150 - ?se and design of t -attenuation pads?
page 8 power-up the hp-ii-txm is controlled by an on- board microprocessor. when power is applied, a start-up sequence is e x ecuted. at the end of the start-up sequence, the transmitter is ready to transmit data. figure 16 shows the start-up sequence . this sequence is e x ecuted when po w er is applied to the vcc pin or when the pdn pin is cycled from low to high. once the initial po w er-on delay has been executed, the on-board microprocessor reads the external channel-selection lines and sets the frequency synthesizer to the a p p r o p r iate channel. figure 4 on p. 3 shows the typical turn-on response time for an hp series-ii tr a n s m i t t e r . when the frequency synthesizer has loc k ed on to the proper channel frequency, the circuit is ready to accept data.this is acknowledged b y the cts line transitioning high. the transmitter is then ready to accept modulated data from a user? circuit. the hp-ii-txm can be put into an ultra- low-current (50?) po w er-down mode b y holding the pdn pin lo w. this remo v es all po w er from the transmitter? circuitr y. if pdn is left floating or held high, the transmitter will wake up and begin normal operation. no transmitter functions wor k when pdn is lo w. power considera t i o n s the user must provide a clean source of po w er to the transmitter module in order to ensure proper operation. the transmitter i n c o rp o r ates a precision lo w - d r o p o u t regulator on-board which allows the module to operate o v er an input voltage r ange of 2.7 to 16 volts dc . the module s po w er-supply line should ha v e low esr b ypass capacitors configured as shown in figure 15. f igure 15: sug g ested supply filter f igure 16: start-up sequence
page 9 cts output the c lear- t o- s end output is used to indicate to the user? circuitry when the transmitter is ready to accept data. this pin can be monitored to allo w transmission to begin immediately upon the transmitter? synthesizer locking on frequency . in a typical application, a micro-controller will raise the pdn line high (po w ering- up the transmitter) and begin to monitor the cts line . when the cts line goes high, the micro-controller would start sending data. in applications where cts is not used, i.e., an extra i/o pin is not a v ailable, the user? circuit should wait a minimum of 50msec after raising the pdn pin high before transmitting any data. in applications where remote-control encoders are used, the data is being sent redundantly and there is no need to monitor the cts pin or to wait a fixed time . there are some timing requirements the user must observe when periodically po w ering-up the transmitter . the on-period is determined by the start-up procedure and requires the user to lea v e the transmitter on for 8-12 msec.after this time the transmitter is stable and ready to transmit valid data. the off-period is determined by the discharge rate of the internal bypass capacitors . the capacitors must fully discharge to ensure that subsequent po w er-ups will reliably restart the microprocessor . this minimum time should be no less than 1 msec.if the transmitter is not reliably starting after po w er-up, this time should be increased. note: read this if y ou are going t o periodicall y power down the transmitter!! channel selection the hp-ii transmitter module f eatures eight user-selectable c h a n n e l s . the channel of operation is determined by the state of pins cs0-cs2. figure 17 shows a channel-selection table based on the pins?tates . the on-board microprocessor p e r fo r ms all pll loading functions . this frees the user from complex progr a m m i n g requirements and allows for manual channel selection via switches in product designs where a microprocessor is not used. f igure 17: channel selection tab le cs2 cs1 cs0 channel frequenc y 0 0 0 0 903.37 0 0 1 1 906.37 0 1 0 2 907.87 0 1 1 3 909.37 1 0 0 4 912.37 1 0 1 5 915.37 1 1 0 6 919.87 1 1 1 7 921.37
page 10 f igure 18: t ypical a pplication: rs-232 interface inputting digital da ta the data input pin may be directly connected to virtually any digital peripheral including microcontrollers, encoders, and uarts . the data input has been optimized for nrz serial data that transitions from 0v to 3v (or has a 3v pk amplitude). the equivalent circuit of the data input pin is shown in figure 11. an 8.2k series resistor with a 3300pf shunt capacitor forms a low-pass filter and ser v es to limit the risetimes of the incoming square w av es . the designer must be careful to ensure that this pin is driven with a low impedance to pre v ent changing the cutoff frequency of the low-pass filter . if the data input pin is driven from a 5v source (i.e., a microcontroller's uar t that is po w ered by 5v), the designer should put a 2.2k resistor in series with the data pin.
page 11 f igure 19: t ypical a pplication: remote-control tr ansmitter inputting analog signals h p s e r ies-ii modules are capable of transmitting a wide range of analog signals with minimal d i s t o rt i o n . the t y p i c a l p e r fo rm a n c e graphs on p . 3 of this manual illustrate the modulation linearity for a v a ri e t y of simple wav e fo rm s . the module is equally adept at transmitting c o m p l e x wav e fo r ms such as v o i c e . analog signals r a n g i n g from 50 hz to 25 khz may be applied to the data input pin.the v oltage swing on the data input pin should be between ground and 3 volts . this voltage directly modulates the vcxo in order to obtain an fm output. the illustration abo v e shows the simplicity of transmitting audio with the hp series-ii. in applications where the highest audio quality is required an external compandor such as a phillips sa576 may be emplo y ed to increase dynamic r ange and reduce noise . proximity operation multiple transmitters may be active on separate channels so long as an adjacent channel? signal does not enter the receiver at a le v el exceeding the rejection capability of the receiver . if modules are combined to form a transceiver the y should be operated in half-duplex, meaning that only the transmitter or receiver is active at any time . f igure 20: t ypical a pplication:voice tr ansmitter
page 12 antenna considerations the range of the rf link is widely variable and depends upon the type of antenna emplo y ed and the operating environment. proper design and matching of an antenna is a complex task requiring sophisticated test equipment and a strong background in principles of rf propagation. while adequate antenna performance can often be obtained by trial and error methods, you may also want to consider utilizing a premade antenna from linx. our low-cost antenna line is designed to ensure maximum performance and part 15 compliance . it is usually best to utilize a basic quarter-w av e whip for your initial concept ev aluation.this can easily be made from a piece of wire as shown on the next page . once the prototype product is operating satisfactorily, a production antenna should be selected to meet the cost, size and cosmetic requirements of the product. it is important to recognize that the antenna plays a significant role in determining the performance and legality of your end product.in order to gain a better understanding of the considerations in v olved in the design and selection of antennas please revie w linx applications note #00500 ?ntennas: design, application, performance? the following notes should help in achieving optimum antenna performance: 1. proximity to objects such as a user? hand or body, or metal objects will cause an antenna to detune . f or this reason the antenna shaft and tip should be positioned as far a wa y from such objects as possible . 2. optimum performance will be obtained from a 1/4- or 1/2-w av e straight whip mounted at a right angle to the ground-plane . in many cases this isn? desirable for practical or ergonomic reasons;thus, an alternative antenna style such as a helical, loop, patch, or base-loaded whip may be utilized. 3. it is alw a ys a good practice to include a t -attenuation pad as described under "board la y out considerations". this allows your product's output po w er to be adjusted for certification purposes without change or compromise to the antenna. 4 . if an internal antenna is to be used, keep it away from other metal components, p a rt i c u l a r ly large items like tr a n s fo rm e r s , batter i e s , and pcb tr a c ks and g r o u n d - p l a n e s . in many cases, the space around the antenna is as important as the antenna itself. 5. in many antenna designs, particularly 1/4-w av e whips, the ground-plane acts as a counterpoise, forming, in essence, a 1/2-w av e dipole . f or this reason adequate g round-plane area is essential. as a general rule the ground-plane to be used as counterpoise should ha v e a surface area 3 the o v erall length of the 1/4-w ave r adiating element. 6. remo v e the antenna as far as possible from potential internal interference sources . switching po w er supplies, oscillators, e v en relays can also be significant sources of potential interference . the single best weapon against such problems is attention to placement and la y out. filter the module? po w er supply with a high- frequency bypass capacitor . place adequate ground-plane under all potential sources of noise . shield noisy board areas whene v er practical. 7. in some applications it is advantageous to place the transmitter and its antenna awa y from the main equipment. this a v oids interference problems and allows the antenna to be oriented for optimum rf performance . alw a ys use 50 w coax such as rg-174 for the remote feed.
page 13 a whip-style antenna provides exceptional performance and is easy to integ r ate . a low-cost whip is generally made of a wire or rod while more e xpensive whip designs are encapsulated in rubber or plastic to impro v e appearance and minimize the potential for damage to the antenna element. a whip is often combined with a helical winding to reduce the o v erall length. this technique is commonly referred to as ?ase loading? the w av elength of the frequency to be received or transmitted determines an antenna? length.since a full-w av e antenna is quite long, a partial w av elength antenna such as a 1/2- or 1/4-w ave is generally used. f or testing, or e v en production, a whip can be easily made from a piece of solid conductor wire cut to the appropriate length.length for a half-w av e is easily determined using the following f or m ula.the resultant length may be divided in half for a quarter-w ave. common antenna styles f rom a coat hanger to a tuned y agi, there are literally hundreds of antenna styles and variations that can be emplo y ed. f ollowing is a brief discussion of the three styles most commonly utilized in compact rf designs . the selection char t broadly categorizes k e y areas of antenna performance . in reviewing this section it is important to recognize that each antenna style will produce widely varying results based on the specific design e x ecution and optimization. additional antenna information can be found in linx application notes #00500, #00100, #00126 and #00140. p arameter loop helical whip ultimate performance l ll lll ease of design setup l ll lll siz e ll lll l immunity to pr o ximity effects lll ll l hp range ( open ground to similar antenna ) 400 ft. 600 ft. 1,000+ ft . l =fair ll =good lll =excellent hp antenna selection char t a loop or track-style antenna is usually printed directly on the pcb , making it the most cost-effective of antenna styles . there are man y different styles and shapes of loops which can be utilized, including spirals and rectangles . a loop has excellent immunity to proximity detuning (i.e., a user? body) and is easily concealed inside products which ha v e a plastic case . despite these advantages, a loop is difficult to match and tune without expensive rf test equipment.an improperly designed loop will ha v e a very high swr and may induce harmonics . f or this reason a helical or whip style is usually a better choice for applications requiring maximum range-performance . helical style a helical is a wire coil usually wound from steel, copper or brass . this antenna is very efficient given its small siz e. the helical is an excellent choice for products requiring good r a n g e - p e r fo r mance and a concealed internal antenna element. care must be e x ercised in placement, ho wev er, as a helical detunes badly when located in proximity with other conductive objects . because a helical has a high ? f actor its bandwidth is very narrow and inter-coil spacing has a pronounced effect on antenna performance . f or this reason, it is usually best to utilize a premade helical which has been professionally optimized to achie v e maximum performance . whip style loop style 1/4 w av e wire lengths f or hp-ii frequencies: 902-928mhz =3.06 where: l=length in feet of half-w av e length f=operating frequency in megahertz
page 14 legal considerations when working with rf, a clear distinction must be made between what is technically possible and what is legally acceptable in the country where operation is intended. many manufacturers ha v e a v oided incorporating rf into their products as a result of uncertainty and e v en fear of the appro v al and certification process . here at linx our desire is not only to expedite the design process, but also to assist you in achieving a clear idea of what is in v olved in obtaining the appro v als necessary to legally mar k et y our completed product. in the united states the appro v al process is actually quite straightforward. the regulations go v erning rf devices and the enforcement of them are the responsibility of the federal communications commission. the regulations are contained in the code of federal regulations (cfr), title 47. title 47 is made up of numerous v olumes; ho wev er, all regulations applicable to this module are contained in volume 0-19. it is strongly recommended that a copy be obtained from the go v ernment printing office in w ashington, or from your local go v ernment book store . excerpts of applicable sections are included with linx e v aluation kits or may be obtained from the linx t echnologies web site (www.linxtechnologies.com). in brief, these rules require that any device which intentionally radiates rf energy be appro v ed, that is, tested, f or compliance and issued a unique identification number . this is a relatively painless process . linx offers full emc pre-compliance testing in our hp/emco-equipped test center . final compliance testing is then performed by one of the many independent testing labor a t o r ies across the country. m a n y labs can also provide other certifications the product may require at the same time, such as ul, class a/b, etc. once your completed product has passed, you will be issued an id number which is then clearly placed on each product manufactured. questions regarding interpretations of the part 2 and part 15 rules or measurement procedures used to test intentional radiators, such as the hp-ii modules, for compliance with the part 15 technical standards, should be addressed to: f ederal communications commission equipment authorization division customer service branch, ms 1300f2 7435 oakland mills road columbia, md 21046 t el:(301) 725-1585 / fax:(301) 344-2050 e-mail:labinfo@fcc.go v international appro v als are slightly more complex, although many modules are designed to allow all international standards to be met. if you are considering the e xport of your product abroad, you should contact linx t echnologies to determine the specific suitability of the module to your application. all linx modules are designed with the appro v al process in mind and thus much of the frustration that is typically experienced with a discrete design is eliminated. appro v al is still dependent on many factors such as the choice of antennas, correct use of the frequency selected, and physical packaging. while some extra cost and design effort are required to address these issues, the additional usefulness and profitability added to a product by rf makes the effort more than worthwhile . note: hp series-ii modules are designed as component devices whic h r equire external components to function. t he modules are intended to allo w f or full part 15 compliance; ho wev er , they are not appr ov ed by the fcc or any other a g ency worldwide . t he pur c haser understands that appr ov als ma y be required prior to the sale or oper a tion of the device , and a gr ees to utiliz e the component in keeping with all laws g ov erning its oper a tion in the country of oper a tion.
page 15 surviving an rf implement a tion adding an rf stage brings an exciting new dimension to a n y product. it also means that additional eff o r t and commitment will be needed to bring the product successfully to mark e t . by utilizing premade rf m o d u l e s , such as the hp series-ii, the design and a p p r o val process will be greatly simplified. it is impor t a n t , h o wev e r , to have an objective view of the steps n e c e s s a r y to insure a successful rf i n t e g r a t i o n . s i n c e the capabilities of each customer v a r y widely it is difficult to recommend one particular design path, but most projects f o l l o w steps similar to those shown at the r i g h t . in reviewing this sample design path you may notice that linx offers a v a r iety of ser v i c e s , such as antenna design, and fcc prequalification, that are unusual for a high-volume component manufacturer . these services, along with an exceptional le v el of technical support, are offered because we recogniz e that rf is a complex science requiring the highest caliber of products and support. ?ireless made s i m p l e is more than just a motto, its our commitment. by choosing linx as your rf partner and taking advantage of the resources we offer, you will not only survive implementing rf, but you ma y ev en find the process enjo y able . typical steps for implementingrf helpful application notes from linx it is not the intention of this manual to address in depth many of the issues that should be considered to ensure that the modules function correctly and deliver the maximum possible performance . as you proceed with your design you ma y wish to obtain one or more of the following application notes, which address in depth k e y areas of rf design and application of linx products . 00500 antennas: design, application, performance 00130 modulation techniques for low-cost rf data links 00126 considerations for operation in the 902 mhz to 928 mhz band 00100 rf 101: information for the rf challenged 00140 the fcc road: part 15 from concept to approval 00150 use and design of t-attenuation pads 00110 understanding the performance specifications of receivers 00160 considerations for sending data with the hp series-ii note # linx application note title
page 16 linx technologies, inc. 575 s.e. ashley p l a c e grants pass, or 97526 phone: (541) 471-6256 fax: (541) 471-6251 h t t p : / / w w w. l i n x t e c h n o l o g i e s . c o m u.s. corporate headquarters: linx t echnologies is continually striving to impro v e the quality and function of its products; f or this reason, we reser v e the right to make changes without notice . the information contained in this data sheet is belie v ed to be accurate as of the time of publication.specifications are based on representative lot samples . v alues may vary from lot to lot and are not guaranteed. linx t echnologies makes no guarantee, warranty, or representation regarding the suitability of an y product for use in a specific application. none of these devices is intended for use in applications of a critical nature where the safety of life or property is at risk.the user assumes full liability for the use of product in such applications . under no conditions will linx t echnologies be responsible for losses arising from the use or failure of the device in any application, other than the repair, replacement, or refund limited to the original product purchase price . some devices described in this publication are patented. under no circumstances shall any user be con vey ed any license or right to the use or ownership of these patents . disclaimer ?1999 by linx t echnolo g ies,inc .t he stylized linx lo g o, linx, and ?ireless made simple are the trademarks of linx t echnolo g ies,inc . printed in u.s.a.

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